Endnotes

¹ In Alaska, NP includes, NPs and CNMs, NP=Nurse Practitioner, CNS =Clinical Nurse Specialist, CNM=Nurse Midwife, CRNA=Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist.

Both controlled and noncontrolled drugs require a prescription. Controlled drugs are organized according to schedule (II to V), with the lowest schedule number having the highs potential for abuse. Noncontrolled drugs include: antibiotics, analgesics, and anti-inflammatory medications, among others.

Previously Arizona limited schedules II-III to 48-hr supply and amended law for consistency in schedule IV-V authority. In 1998, they are considering changes to Article 5 to include: elimination of 1000-hour work requirement for prescribing and dispensing authority (R4-19-101(1)); (R4-19-507(A.2)); elimination of the submission of the name of the collaborating physician (R4-19-505(b)); (R4-19-507(A.3.h) and R4-19-507(J)); elimination of the renewal of prescribing and dispensing authority; addition of definitions of "administer", "prescribe", "dispense" and "clinical nurse specialist"; addition of title protection for clinical nurse specialists and clarification that NPs should prescribe and dispense within the scope of their practice.

³ Change in law reported by the California Coalition of Nurse Practitioners.

⁴ In Hawaii, APRN title includes Nurse Practitioners (NPs), Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNSs), Certified Nurse Midwives (CNMs), and Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs).

⁵In Hawaii, APRNs must have a collegial agreement with a physician.

⁶ In Indiana, Burns Ind. Code Ann. §25-23-1-30 (1995) specifically states that prescriptive authority not required for administration of anesthesia.

⁷ Bill signed by Louisiana legislature to provide limited prescriptive authority in collaborative practice, May 1995.

⁸ Under new law in Maine, new NP must practice under supervision before he/she is allowed to practice independently. Also, the NP retains a copy of the collaborative agreement.

⁹ In Maryland, prescriptive authority for NPs only, not for nurse psychotherapists.

¹⁰ In Massachusetts, all prescription medications not classified by the federal government as II-V are categorized as Schedule VI.

¹¹ In Michigan, controlled substance rulemaking has been proposed.

¹² Under new law in Missouri, new APNs must practice under supervision before he/she is allowed to practice independently. Also, the new APN retains a copy of the collaborative agreement.

¹³ In Nebraska, APNs can prescribe schedule III-V drugs without limitation. They can only prescribe schedule II drugs as listed on the state schedule for pain control.

¹⁴ If certified as advanced practice nurses in Nevada.

¹⁵ Ohio enacted legislation to give limited prescriptive authority to APNs (House Bill 241). Previously, prescribing was site-restricted.

¹⁶ In Ohio, schedule II drugs may be prescribed only if a patient has a terminal condition, the nurse's collaborating physician initially prescribed the drug, and the amount prescribed does not exceed the amount necessary for a singly 24-hour period.

¹⁷ In Oklahoma, CRNAs have the option to apply for the authority to select obtain and administer schedule III-V and legend drugs - subject to an inclusionary formulary under supervision.

¹⁸ In Oregon as of 1999, NPs who have the need for Schedule II medications will have to apply to the DEA for this expansion of prescriptive authority.

¹⁹ Although statutory authorization exists in Pennsylvania, joint rules have not been completed by Board of Nursing and Board of Medicine.

²⁰ Rhode Island is presently considering legislation to authorize CNS prescriptive authority

²¹ In Tennessee, controlled substances prescribing Schedules II through V subject to protocols established with a supervising physician.

²² In Virginia, NPs have prescriptive authority with the exception of CRNAs.

²³ During 1997 and 1998, the Wyoming Board of Medical Examiners twice proposed rulemaking which would make the protocols more restrictive. Rules have not been promulgated in final form.

Legend