JAMA Article Links Hospital Staffing and Patient Mortality, Nurse Burnout and Job Dissatisfaction

Washington, DC -- A study published today in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) found that Registered Nurse (RN) staffing levels have a significant effect on preventable hospital deaths among surgical patients. According to researchers, the odds of patient mortality rose 7 percent for every additional patient added to the average nurses's workload. The difference between four to six and four to eight patients-per-nurse was accompanied by a 14 percent and 31 percent increase in mortality respectively. The study from the University of Pennsylvania affirms the critical role RNs play in patient safety when able to make direct assessments and life-saving interventions.

"This new study is dramatic because it highlights the fact that people can die when nursing care is inadequate," said Barbara A. Blakeney, MS, APRN,BC, ANP, president of the American Nurses Association (ANA). "It is an important contribution, but, frankly, this is something that nurses have known for years," she said. "Nurses make the critical, cost-effective difference in providing safe, high-quality patient care," she added. Blakeney pointed to ANA's own report, Nurse Staffing and Patient Outcomes in the Inpatient Hospital Setting," which was released in May 2000. The study looked at hospital and Medicare data in nine states in five categories of adverse outcomes: length of hospital stay, hospital-acquired pneumonia, postoperative infection, bed sores and hospital-acquired urinary tract infections. All five measures were markedly lower with higher levels of RN involvement in patient care. Two other studies published this year, one in the New England Journal of Medicine and one by the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), also found direct links between nurse staffing levels and better patient outcomes.

Today's JAMA article also reported that patient load had a direct impact on nurse retention rates. Adding one patient-per-nurse to a hospital's staffing level increased nurse burnout by 23 percent and job dissatisfaction by 15 percent. The data indicate that more than 40 percent of nurses who reported high burnout and job dissatisfaction intended to leave their job within the next year.

"Inappropriate staffing is the number one concern of nurses today," Blakeney said. "Nurses already face great stress and challenges on the job. They must care for greater numbers of patients than ever before and patients in hospitals are more acutely ill than in the past. Adequate nurse staffing is critical to the delivery of quality patient care because it allows nurses time for appropriate assessment of patients and their needs and initiation of suitable interventions."

Blakeney emphasized that nurses are dissatisfied because of a lack of control over their work environment which prevents them from delivering high-quality nursing care. In addition to the right number and mix of direct-care staff for hands-on care, other resources are necessary to support RNs' ability to deliver the best possible care. ANA has developed and strongly encourages the use of its Principles for Nurse Staffing, which include: nurse control over the practice environment; effective and efficient support services; readily available and current patient information; sufficient orientation and mentoring for new staff and new nursing graduates; education in the use of new technology; and sufficient time for collaboration, planning, coordination and delivery of care that meets both patient and family needs. Research has shown that hospitals which incorporate much of the philosophy embedded in the Principles for Nurse Staffing into their organizational culture and practice have higher rates of satisfaction and retention among nursing staff, and better outcomes for patients.

ANA is advocating for a comprehensive set of strategies to address the nurse staffing crisis, including state and federal legislation that would limit mandatory overtime, provide whistle-blower protections for nurses, mandate collection of workforce and nursing-sensitive quality data, establish patient staffing systems and provide funding for nursing education.

In addition, hospitals that utilize nursing "best practices" can apply for designation as "Magnet" facilities a recognition made by the American Nurses Credentialing Center, a subsidiary of ANA. Hospitals that have achieved "Magnet"status have higher retention rates for nurses and improved patient outcomes.

Many of the issues touched on in the JAMA study have been addressed in Nursing's Agenda for the Future (www.NursingWorld.org/naf). The plan, which was released in April, is the result of an in-depth strategic planning process that involved leaders from more than 60 national nursing organizations. It reflects the brain trust of nursing and includes strategies to address basic issues, such as recruitment, as well as more complex issues, such as the economic value of nursing.

The authors of the new JAMA study said that improving nurse staffing may not only save patient lives and decrease nurse turnover but also reduce hospital costs, if recently published estimates of the costs of replacing a hospital medical and surgical general unit and a specialty nurse ($42,000 to $64,000) are correct.

"Hospital Nurse Staffing and Patient Mortality, Nurse Burnout, and Job Dissatisfaction," by Linda H. Aiken, et. al, appears in the October 23/30, 2002 issue of JAMA. The study, funded by the National Institute of Nursing Research of the National Institutes of Health, looked at 232,342 patients between the ages of 20 and 85 who underwent general surgical, orthopaedic, or vascular procedures in 168 Pennsylvania hospitals from April 1, 1998, to Nov. 30, 1999.

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ANA is the only full-service professional organization representing the nation's 2.7 million Registered Nurses through its 54 constituent associations. ANA advances the nursing profession by fostering high standards of nursing practice, promoting the economic and general welfare of nurses in the workplace, projecting a positive and realistic view of nursing, and by lobbying the Congress and regulatory agencies on health care issues affecting nurses and the public.

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